History of Korea

History of Korea

The beginning of the Koreas began in 2333 BC, when Dangun , son of the legendary Emperor of heaven and a woman bears tribe, established the first nation. The historians consider the first era of Korean history that the country Gojoseon (Ancient Joseon). It is said that ancient Korea has the characteristics of the country into small independent town, community by merging with another clan creation.  National city was gradually unified the clans of the political structure is very complex, even forming the nation.Among many tribes, the Goguryeo (37 BC to AD 668), located along the middle Amnokgang River (Yalu), this is one of the clan grew and became the kingdom.   The bellicose forces of Goguryeo conquered in turn the neighboring clans, and in 313, the troops even occupied the country's frontier Lolang , China. Baekje (18 BC to the year 660 AD) has flourished from a country south of the river tribes Hangang . The river in the vicinity of Seoul today, a bit like the kingdom associated with the kingdom of Goguryeo . During the reign of King Geunchogo (from 346 until 370) Baekje has developed into a national focus and nobility. Kingdom of Shilla (57 BC to the year 935 AD) located in the far south of the peninsula, beginning with the weakest countries and least developed of the three countries. However, due to geographical distance nature of the influences of China, the country is open to the practice and ideas with China. Society tends to divide distinct class and later developed the organization Hwarang (U.S. adults), a unique organization developed in the study of Buddhism. Kingdom of Shilla kingdom unified and  Balhae the mid-sixth century, the Kingdom of Shilla kingdom of Gaya had invaded its neighbors, a group of countries are consolidating urban development in the southeast of the peninsula from between the first century to the 6th century. Shilla Kingdom also had ties to a military alliance with Tang China's conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje. Then Silla fought against Tang, and then exposed ambitious merger of Goguryeo and Baekje territory. Silla pushed China in 676. Then in 698, people living in the kingdom of Goguryeo's lives in the central South Manchuria formed Balhae. Balhae include not only the people of the kingdom of Goguryeo , but also a large population of manganese. Balhae established a system of government centered in the capital of local, this is the model after the administrative structure kingdom of Goguryeo. Balhae has developed an advanced culture from the kingdom of Goguryeo. The prosperity of the kingdomBalhae peaked in the first half of the ninth century with the occupation of a vast territory from the Amur River in the north and Kaiyuan in south river, from the middle to Manchuria to the west. The country has also established a diplomatic relationship with Turkey and Japan. Balhae existed until 926, when the country was occupied by the Khistan. Many of the ruling class, most people on the Korean peninsula, has moved south and engaged in the building Goryeo dynasty. Silla unified the Korean peninsula in 668 and reaches the extreme peak of power and prosperity in the mid 8th century. The Kingdom has attempted to establish a Buddhist country. Temple Pulguksabuilt during the Unified Silla. However, the national cult of Buddhism began as underdeveloped by enabling the nobility to live life too expensive. In addition, there are disagreements between the leaders of the local demand for power both countries occupied by the Goguryeo and Baekje. In 935, king of Silla officially abandoned the palace of the new dynasty was founded Goryeo. Korean Peninsula was ruled by a single administration of the unity of the kingdom of Silla in 668 while still maintaining the dependence of political, cultural and cultural heritage. Both the kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392) andJoseon (1392-1910) has strengthened and developed culture, and repel the invaders as Khitans, Mongolia and Japan. Kingdom of Goryeo by Wang Geon formed, a general who served under the Gungye , a banished prince of the kingdom Silla . Choose where he was born, Songak (Gaesong is today) as the capital, Wang Geonproclaimed aim to regain lost territory of the kingdom of Goguryeo northeast China. He named his dynastyGoryeo , is the name of Korea today. Although the kingdom of Goryeo had not regained the ground lost, the kingdom has developed a culture represented Cheongja, a ceramic green and a culture of Buddhism developed very strong. And nothing can compare with the value of print can be first moved into in 1234, was Gutenberg of Germany invented two centuries. At the same time, the talented artists of Korea has completed a task almost incredible carved Buddhist principles to the inscription in large. The inscriptions in this, including 80,000 copies, is made for the purpose of praying for the providence of Buddhism to the power of the Mongol invaders. These carvings are called Tripitaka Koreana and today is stored in the temple Haeinsa. In later years, the kingdom ofGoryeo was weakened by internal struggles between scholars and soldiers, between Confucianism and Buddhism.The attacks began in Mongolia in 1231, made ​​national Goryeo became dependent for nearly a century of wear resistance of these very powerful people of Goryeo dynasty. Joseon In 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established a new kingdom, called Joseon . The system first ruler of the kingdom against the tremendous influence of Buddhism during the Goryeo period, supported Confucianism as a philosophy of a leader of the kingdom. Division kingdom dominated Joseon ruled kingdom with a balanced political system. A national examination system was implemented to choose the system of government officials. The contest is regarded as the basis for the unity of society and the activities that most intellectuals during this period. This is a Confucian society worships, but attaches great importance to academic studies while no significant trade and production. During the reign of King Sejong (1418-1450), monarch of the dynasty Friday Joseon, Korea has seen an unexpected development was the culture and the arts. Under the auspices of the king, the palace of learning solutions invented the Korean alphabet, called Hangeul.It is called Hunminjeongeum means "a true writing system to educate people." The interests of King Sejong to astronomy is understandable. The sundial, hourglass, earth and astronomical maps were made ​​at the request of his. He ceded the throne to his son, King Munjong (1450-1452), but the death of the prince he made ​​Danjong 11 years on the throne. In 1455 , Prince Suyangdaegun , uncle of King Danjong , has turned pour throne of Emperor young .. Suyangdaegun became King Sejo ( 1455-1448 ). He had set up a unified system for the government by printing a summary of a law called "Gyeongguk Daejeon." In 1592 , Japan invaded the kingdom Joseon to paving the way to invasion of China. At sea, Admiral Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598), one of the most revered characters in Korean history, led a series of attacks very glorious naval combat troops Japan, with " Geobukseon "(turtle boat) are considered as war ships made ​​the first railway in the world. Also on the ground, warriors and farmers volunteer team of Buddhist monks have been courageous feeling against the enemy.Japan began to withdraw from Korea after the death of Commander Toyotomo Hideyoshi . The war finally ended in 1598 , but it has enormous influence to reign Joswon and Ming China . During the war, many artists, master craftsmen, and the porters were forced carries over into Japan. From the early 17th century, a movement calledSilhak , mean style practical learning movement, has created a huge motivation for scholars to pursue liberalism, as a means to build a modern society. The movement strongly suggest improvements agriculture and industry and to implement reforms in land distribution. However, the nobility of a conservative government is not willing to support a change so powerful. In the second half of the Joseon government and classes began the manifestation of factionalism . To change the political situation was not as expected, the king Yeongjo (1724-1776) even has a policy of fairness. He has strengthened the power of the monarch and political stability. King Jeongjo (1776-1800) have maintained a fair policy and established a royal library to preserve documents and record of the dynasty. He also initiated the reform of political and cultural. This stage is a testament to the explosion of Silhak. Some scholars have already written down the names of the very progressive set of reforms in agriculture and industry, but only few of those ideas were court approval. The period of the occupation Japanese people and the independence movement of Korea the 19th century, Korea became a ' national seclusion ' , against a very tough for the demands of Western diplomatic relations and trade. At the same time, some countries in Asia and Europe with ambitions of imperialism has been competing to gain influence over the peninsula. Japan, after China and Russia won the war, annexed Korea and made ​​colonial rule in 1910 . Colonial rule of Japan stimulated the patriotism of the Korean, Japanese intellectuals have expressed indignation before blatantly assimilation policies of Japan, even the prohibition of teaching in the schools of South Korea. On March 1, year 1919 , the Korean people held a protest with the scope of the country and thousands died. Although the movement failed, independence movement 1 / 3 were created a link of a very strong national spirit and patriotism of Koreans. This movement has led to a collapse of a provisional government in Shanghai, China, as an organized struggle is equipped to fight the Japanese population in Manchuria. Independence Movement of Korea has been celebrated on 1 / 3 every year, and has been regarded as national holidays. The lives of Koreans as miserable under Japanese colonial rule until When Japan was defeated in World War II. During this occupation, the exploitation of the Japanese economy is still ongoing. Establishment of the Republic of Korea Koreans delighted to Japan was defeated in World War II. However, their joy is short-lived. Freedom does not instantly bring about independence, but the Koreans have a very fierce fight to win. In fact, it was born in a country divided by the difference in the ideological cold war. The efforts of the Korean people to build an independent government was invalidated by the U.S. military forces occupied the southern half and the Soviet Union occupied the northern part of the peninsula. In November in 1947 , the Council of the United Nations has developed a solution to conduct general elections in Korea under the support of a UN Commission. However, the Soviet Union has refused to comply with this solution and reject the influence of the United Nations Commission on the southern half of the peninsula. UN Council then issued a call for other solutions in the local elections with the help of the UN Commission. The first election was conducted on May May 10, 1948, in the province is located south of latitude 38. This parallel path became divided Korean peninsula to the south and north. Syungman Rhee became the first President of the Republic of Korea in 1948. At the same time, in the north of latitude 38, the communist regime was established under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. On 6/25/1950 , North Korea provoked an invasion on a large scale for the South, triggering a war that lasted three years with the participation of the United States, China and a force the other foreign. The entire peninsula was devastated by the conflict. A ceasefire was signed in July 1953. The war went on, leaving 3 million people killed or injured and millions of others homeless and separated from the family. The social chaos continues under the government of President Syungman Rhee. South Korea's democracy can not mature at that time, and the country went through a difficult political and economy. President Rhee to scale down the rebellion by students led class inApril 1960 . Monday republic was established in Chang Myon of the Democratic Party formed a government in August 1960 . However, the new government was overthrown by a coup by General Park Chung-hee led to 16/05/1961. Supreme Council parliament correction by General Park head over all legislative functions, executive and judicial government. Park became president in elections in 1963. Government President Park pursued rapid industrialization and improved economic growth in the decade of 60 and 70, have been known to "Miracle on the Han River" , but he also rules accompanied by restrictions of political rights and freedom of the people. The assassination of President Park in October in 1979 was followed by a transitional period of military rule. Choi Kyu-hah, who was president, resigned in August in 1980 , and Chun Doo-hwan, leading a group of powerful officials, was the National Conference for Unification, an election board voters elected President. A democratic movement was up during the '80s and the election of the President through the majority vote has been restored through a parliamentary reform in 1987. Roh Moo- Won Tae-hyun, a former army general was chosen as president under a new parliament, but the democratic progress achieved during his government was prepared for the election of the President from People first in 32 years. Kim Young-sam , a longtime activist for democracy, was elected president in 1992 with the votes of the ruling party. In the election for president in 1997 , leader Kim Dae-jung of the opposition, Congress for a new administration (NCNP), was elected. His administration, called "people's government" has been established through the huge transfer of power ever since the ruling party to opposition in the history of Korea. The government of President Roh Moo-hyun , or "the people's right to participate", was released in the past 25/02/2003. The administration of President Roh Moo-hyun administration in the history of the 16th republic, has set out three goals in front of a "people's democracy", "Social balanced development", and "A era of peace and prosperity in Northeast Asia. " The government of Roh Moo-hyun was born by the power of the people. The increase in capital in a voluntary campaign and the election of the people support the rule has brought victory to President Roh Moo-hyun during the last presidential election. The government of President is built on the foundation of the right to participate in the majority of the population. Therefore, the participation of the public will have a decisive role in future operations of government, as it did during the birth.